Subtitling, voiceover thai dubbing si le mai bare modurya hai preferime praktsiyi katar o ashunimaske-dikhimasko tolmachimos (AVT) ando pramatnone tolmachimaski buki, thai yazno dometo spetsyalizizáko ande Tolmachimaske Studiyi. Istorikalnones, ashunimasko-dikhimasko tolmachimos anklisto ande l' bersha 1920to kana aresle le filmurya glasonensa thai le nedazhdimata la Amerikaske filmange industriya te tradel katar o them filmurya Inglezitskones,  spesyalnones ande Ivropa pala le duitone-lumiyako marimos. E mai angluni forma kakale tolmachimaske lyas a forma "intertitles" ekh swato ka mothol swaturya ramome thodine mashkar filmange kadri. Desar e introduktsiya hangosko ande filmurya, teknologiyi line le dolozhi ando prochesurya, nedazhdimata thai shaimata kai azban telaluno-ramomos, glaso-opral hai "dubbing" produktsiyi. Le ashunimaske-dikhimaske tolmachimata kai dine yakh pe formurya kerdile la sinematako ande l' bersha nakhle akana mai buflyarde pesko dometo, parrudilo katar e globalaisimatsiya produktsiyako hai buflyarimatange prochesurya, maladimata hai akwizitsiyi. televizhono, DVD, Miriyazha hai mobilonenge teknologiyi. Akana si ekh chachuno dometo kai si lumiyako, bute-shibango, bute-kulturalno, hai bute-mediyango.

Tolmachimaske prochesurya si ferdi yekh veriga ando baro lantso produktsiyako vash telaluno-ramomos, "dubbing" vai glaso-opral. Le swaturya dine-duma glasonensa hai kerdile dikhimaskones vash o ekrano  zhivindin-pe khetanes bute kavre ashunimaske sonorya (sar e muzika  hai samnurya dikhimaske, kuvimata le wastenge) save, ferdi kana maladine, keren konteksto kai prindjardyol kai dikhitorya. Telalune-ramomosko tolmachimos operil-pe telal spesifikni tangimata. O teksto sikadyol po ekrano traditsyonalnones nai les mai but katar dui lineyi mai but worka mai xansi 70 bukli khetane, hai gineralnones, xasarel pasha 40 porchento xasarimos katar e originalnone kontentoski informatsiya. O skurtyarimos le diyalogosko katar lesko originalno mosko modo ka ramome sumariyo trobun ke le tolmacha den yakh mai-bares pe releventsiya, intento hai te aresel ka halyarimaske komunikativni impresiya. Tolmacha, kas dinile ekh xayingake shibaki transkriptsiya  katar o diyalogo hai deskriptsiya dikhimaske informatsiyake musai te aven haznichi te keren segmentimos, tangyarimos hai te parafrezin  le lineyi le diyalogoske, savo ando pesko than, kam-aven adaptime kai shib. "Dubbing" trobul mai but sinkroniya fatsasa thai hangosa. Vusht-sinkronaizime "dubbing," re-rikordil o originalno glasosko trako thai tsegome-shikabe aktoriya kai chiton/ginen o tolmachimos katar la xayingake shibako diyalogo. Glaso-opral, si tekniko haznime butivar ando nevimos, diwanurya kutariryansa hai dokumentariyi, gineralnones rikordil o tolmachime glaso opral o originalno glaso hai mukel tsirra segundurya  katar o originalno hango ka o kezdimos hai ka o gor.

Istorikalnones, telalalune-ramomata sas hamime tolmachimasa hai do-shibake verziyi. Sargodi, telaluno-ramomos le kashukenge thai le do-pashune kashukenge (SDH), kai si thodino ando zakono  ande but thema, si akanutnones ekh dometo kai parruvel-pe fugasa. Nichi si filmurya thai programurya po televizhono le yekhorre mediya  te tolmachisavol: Komputeriyoske programuryange aplikatsiyi thai videyo-khelimata thai-vi keren haznimos katar ashunimaske-dikhimaske teknichi. Ande wurma, Maladine le standardni modurya produktsiyake organaizime  katar konventsyonalni korporya sar le spesyalaizime atelerya hai adjentsiyi, akanutnes ame arakhas neve direktsiyi sar fansubbing and fandubbing,  kai  ashunimaske-dikhimaske mediyi si dinile telalune-ramomos hai glaso-opral katar komuniteturya fanonenge. Thai-vi, pe regate korporaysyake propriyetariyake hai pramatni programurya thodine ando than te ingaren vuche kalitatengo telaluno-ramomos, zhivindin phuterde-xayingake programurya thai freeware vash o haznimos bi-pramatno. Vash egzemplo, YouTube provyantil funktsyonaliteturya haznitoriyange te keren penge anavyarimata hai telalune-ramomaske videyo-diyalogoske. But tolmacha alosaren te spesyalaizin pramatnones ando ashunimasko-dikhimasko tolmachimos,  sar ekha penge direktsiya ekspertizaki. Sikayimos si disponiblo ande wuni akademisoske chentriya numa gineralnones si katar pramatni atelerya.

Referentsiyi:

Baker, Mona and Gabriela Saldanha (eds), Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. 2nd Edition, London / New York: Routledge, 2009.

Díaz Cintas, Jorge and Aline Remael (2007), Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling, Translation Practices Explained Series, Manchester & Kinderhook: St. Jerome Publishing.

Díaz Cintas, Jorge, Anna Matamala and Josélia Neves (eds), New Insights into Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility. Media for All 2, Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi, 2010.

Gambier, Yves and Henrik Gottlieb (eds), (Multi)Media Translation, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2001.

Gambier, Yves and Luc Van Doorslaer (eds), Handbook of Translation Studies. Vol. 1, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. Also online.

Ivarsson, Jan (Transedit, Sweden) -- "Translation and Subtitling Resources" (updated 2010) website.

Orero, Pilar (ed), Topics in audiovisual translation, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2004.

Riggio, Francesca, "Dubbing vs Subtitling", published in Multilingual Oct/Nov 2010. Available online.